Why do negative political ads work?

By Emily Sohn
Discovery Channel
In a new political ad Mitt Romney is portrayed as a job-destroyer who is out of touch with the American working class. With the message, Barack Obama's campaign takes part in an age-old political tradition -- the attack ad.

And even though voters overwhelmingly say they hate negative political advertising, attack ads are becoming more common -- presumably because they sway voters.

Why do negative political ads work?

Reasons, experts say, are emotional and psychological -- and partly up for debate. Studies show that negativity doesn’t affect voter turnout. Nor does it sway those who are already convinced one way or the other.

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Instead, the power of negativity may lie in its ability to compel people to seek out more information about candidates, in turn influencing the undecided.

"Advertising matters at the margins," said political scientist Erika Franklin Fowler, director of the Wesleyan Media Project, which tracks political advertising at Wesleyan University in Conn. "We never see ads that take a candidate from 20 percent to 70 percent of the vote. But when you have a country that is divided 50/50, every percentage point counts. That's where advertising makes a difference."

Negativity has been around as long as elections have, Fowler said, but the practice has recently become more prevalent than ever. In a 2008 study, Fowler's research group looked at hundreds of thousands of presidential ads from the year before and found negativity in nine percent of those ads.

A more recent study found that 70 percent of presidential ads were negative through April 22 of this year. The huge jump is partly because of a rise in activity by interest groups, but more than half of this year's candidate-sponsored ads have focused on negative details about opponents.

One reason that negative messages are so compelling is that we are emotional creatures, wired to pay attention to harmful information, said Joel Weinberger, a psychologist at Adelphi University in New York and owner of Implicit Strategies, a consulting firm that investigates unconscious influences on behavior.

"Think of our ancestors on the African savannah," he said. "If you miss a leopard, it's over for you. If you miss a deer, oh well, you're hungry. People are more focused on negative information. People stop for a car wreck, but there are no traffic jams for beautiful flowers. "

"In negative ads, they make a narrative for you that is supposed to brand the person," he added. "People say, 'I hate negative ads, they do nothing for me,' while unconsciously processing them. Emotion trumps cognition."

In a study for a 2008 appearance on Good Morning America, Weinberger and colleague Drew Westen found that undecided voters became subliminally hung up on words used in negative political ads, even though they insisted that the ads had no effect on them.

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The test that the researchers used asked people to name the colors of various words. And even though participants are not supposed to pay attention to the actual words, it takes them longer to respond if the words hold emotional resonance for them.

Six months later, the researchers found, adjectives used to describe candidates in ads still held power over viewers.

The best way for a candidate to combat negative ads, Weinberger said, is to immediately fire back. Doing nothing allows his opponent’s message to sink in, whether true or not.

As grating as they can be, negative ads aren't all bad, Fowler said. Studies show that negative ads contain more information, and they inspire people to seek out even more knowledge about the issues.

"Negativity has informational benefits, especially for citizens that don't necessarily tune into politics," she said. "It's more beneficial for democracy if citizens show up for polls better informed as a consequence." 

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Discuss this post

Because Hate is the greatest thing, especially when you share it.

    Reply#1 - Tue May 29, 2012 9:58 PM EDT

    Attack ads work the best. Who is kidding who....... Cut 1 nickel out of any government program and the other side can make you appear the same as the devil throwing grandma out of the nursing home and beating kids. Its too easy. Thats' why we are 17 trillion in debt and on our way to bankruptcy. Given enough money, I could turn sister theresa into a physchopathic 2 bit whore. Most americans live on 2 second sound bites cause that is all their brains can process. When half the population is dumber than a box of rocks. thats what you get. That's what this election is about.

    • 3 votes
    Reply#2 - Tue May 29, 2012 11:01 PM EDT

    The mainstream news media has become the master bully creating polarization and hate with biased stories, innuendo, and lies. 50% of the population has below average intelligence and lags the world because the US education system is well below world standards. Bullying works because ignorant people are influenced by an unethical and terrorist news media. Truth terrorists in the US media are more dangerous to the US than al Qaeda could hope for.

    • 6 votes
    Reply#3 - Tue May 29, 2012 11:01 PM EDT

    "50% of the population has below average intelligence"

    Actually, it would be 49.99%.

      #3.1 - Wed May 30, 2012 10:28 AM EDT
      Reply

      >but there are no traffic jams for beautiful flowers

      Come to Texas during wildflower season.

      Negative ads are ok if they tell the truth. The trouble is when we let them get away with lying in the ads. Real journalists need to point out the b.s. whenever they hear it. For instance there is a propaganda meme saying rich folks are job creators when they get tax breaks but the evidence is completely opposite. They only create speculative bubbles when they get extra cash. Jobs are created when there is a demand for products. That happens when the middle-class has money to spend.

      • 2 votes
      Reply#4 - Wed May 30, 2012 1:39 AM EDT

      why would negative ads be ok? if i would be talking to a human resource person about a new job, how far would i get by saying, "Hire me! The other guy is a jerk" - i would be shown the door in 2 seconds - the same for campaigning - the campaign is the candidates resume - should i get the job by lying, misrepresenting my credentials or taking credit for what i didn't do? should we elect anyone that does this to a high paying job that just happens to be the most powerful position in history? i don't think so

      • 2 votes
      Reply#5 - Wed May 30, 2012 4:36 AM EDT

      Negative ads work because because they appeal they appeal to the lowest common denominator: they reinforce the beliefs of the ignorant who want their irrationality supported even if by lies. Such ads enable them to maintain a view that has no factual base but is visceral and usually found in the undereducated and the "true believers." Joseph Goebbels would be pleased with the effectiveness of such ads as that is how the ignorant come to power.

      • 5 votes
      Reply#6 - Wed May 30, 2012 5:09 AM EDT

      Anyone who believes romney and his campaign manger (rove) has to have his head examined. Rove is the same man that got us into 2 wars (under bush) and outed a CIA agent and now he want to do the same thing with romney. Yeah, people, follow these people and we will be in another war we can't pay for. No thanks - I sticking with the human candidate.

      OBAMA/BIDEN 2012! we got it straight in 08

      • 2 votes
      Reply#7 - Wed May 30, 2012 5:30 AM EDT

      The problem is not attack ads. The problem is they deal with distortions and outright falsehoods as facts. Repeated often enough and they become accepted as true. Yes, immediate response is important to counter this effect but, then, the response (good news) does not have the same weight as the original attack. So it comes down to who yells the loudest and most often. Then money, not real issues, not facts become the deciding factor in which side wins. My thanks again to the Supreme Court on the Citizens United decision for opening the floodgates of campaign financing to forces intent on transforming this country into a parody of democracy.

      • 2 votes
      Reply#8 - Wed May 30, 2012 8:35 AM EDT

      People who deliberately watch political ads of any kind are morons. Political ads are what the Mute button is for, and for bathroom breaks. If you make your political choices based on political ads, you should be disenfranchised.

      • 2 votes
      Reply#9 - Wed May 30, 2012 9:42 AM EDT

      Moreover, this article doesn't mention the classic Rove tactic, "Go negative early." By going negative early, you are putting out all the bad stuff you want to echo and resonate throughout the campaign. Then, when your opponent counters with negative ads, you can appear to be taking the "high road".

      Not responding quickly to negative ads cost John Kerry the 2004 election, IMO. He thought no one would take the Swiftboaters seriously, since they had tried unsuccessfully to thwart his Senate campaigns earlier in his career. Instead of a fast response, the story dominated the campaign trail for a full month.

        Reply#10 - Wed May 30, 2012 10:35 AM EDT

        They work because too many people are unable to think for themselves. Slick political machines make bold lies seem so believable and dramatic. When you stop and ask the next question you can cut right through the bull see the truth being warped, but they count on knee-jerk reactions without brains being engaged.

        • 1 vote
        Reply#11 - Wed May 30, 2012 10:51 AM EDT

        Is that why so many democrats start with the name calling even before they get into the discussion? They just want to believe that what they are saying is true?

        Remember, liberals always start off with name calling or some racist remark. It helps to get them in the mood.

        • 1 vote
        #11.1 - Thu May 31, 2012 3:48 AM EDT

        Awww,so sorry you got hurt by politics. But perkup,growup and go vote Unhappy thats life.

          #11.2 - Thu May 31, 2012 6:10 AM EDT
          Reply

          Vicious slanderous political ads work for people who don't pay close attention to politics and some undecided voters. The big lie. They introduce an element of suspicion or doubt concerning a politican. It's a very dirty tactic Think Anti John Kerry Swiftboat ads. Just really gutter politics. And now we can thank our Activist RightWing supreme court for unlimited money attack ads. The rightwing Republicans are masters of this. For them the end ALWAYS justify the means. They have no scruples ZERO

            Reply#12 - Wed May 30, 2012 11:37 AM EDT

            75% of Americans are uneducated and uninformed and therefore ignorant. They get their information from media run by huge corporations that control the content of what they feed to the ignorant masses. Their ability to think is severely reduced by the mediocre education they receive. Therefore they believe negative ads. Which is exactly what wealthy conservatives want. When you have control the last thing in the world you want is an informed intelligent populace that just might realize how badly they're being conned.

              Reply#13 - Wed May 30, 2012 2:57 PM EDT

              Negative ads work for one reason: a large percentage of the voting population is stupid and gullible. Why do you think we get politicians like Palin, W, Santorum, Bachmann, O'Donnell? What other possible explanation for the success of Limbaugh, O'Reilly, Hannity?

              • 1 vote
              Reply#14 - Wed May 30, 2012 4:35 PM EDT

              LOL,success of these bias Fox idiots ? You have got to be kidding, even republicans laugh at their comments. I'm a Republican too.

                #14.1 - Thu May 31, 2012 6:04 AM EDT
                Reply
                Comment author avatarJibba Hippsvia Facebook

                They are much more effective in the United States than in Europe for two reasons. One, the restrictions on campaign spending there are much stricter. In Britain, (until recently?) individual campaign ads on TV were banned altogether. Secondly, Americans have been socialized to see all politicians in a negative light because of our predominantly pro-business/anti government popular culture. Our belief that our dog eat dog competition makes us stronger is largely a myth and especially leaves us open to more negativity. Gender matters too. Women are more likely to be turned off by excessive negativity than men.

                • 1 vote
                Reply#15 - Wed May 30, 2012 10:53 PM EDT

                How can our country withstand more debt? Are both Obama and Romney together capable of running our country while pointing fingers of blame? Get ready folks,we're domed either way our, we're going down more yet.

                  Reply#16 - Thu May 31, 2012 5:57 AM EDT

                  Cons calling libs stupid. Libs calling cons stupid.

                  Its not about stupidity. I've seen otherwise reasonably intelligent people (moderately above average intelligence according to IQ tests--my mother comes to mind) be swayed by emotional arguments and propaganda.

                  Why do you think we have so much product advertising? Because marketing works, and marketers are very good at what they do.

                  A candidate is just another product to be marketed and even intelligent people can abandon reason.

                  • 1 vote
                  Reply#17 - Thu May 31, 2012 8:41 AM EDT

                  “Believe only half of what you see and nothing that you hear.”
                  ― Edgar Allan Poe

                  It's political propaganda season !!!

                  • 1 vote
                  Reply#18 - Thu May 31, 2012 8:52 AM EDT

                  They work because so FEW actually bother to check the facts.

                  When's the last time you got an email warning you about a new "virus" that will erase your hard drive etc? Millions of people fall for such nonsense. Even friends of mine who I have showed over and over how to go to Snopes and some of the other fact checking sites... it's like it's too much trouble for them to do any research at all and they continue to fall for every hoax that comes along.

                  So people who have an inner dislike for a candidate, will believe every lie that hits the news and it doesn't even cross their minds to check the story out on the internet because they already "know" that it's true. -boggle-

                  PS: I play an online game WoW. There are times the developers will post some news to their website detailing some upcoming programming work to the program or game updates. Players will then comment to the post and after a few pages of such comments, you start seeing players making up outright lies about the original developers story. Many other players will believe these new comments and never bother to check the first item... from the developers who started the thread, because they are too lazy? And the negative comments will build and build... as more and more worriers carry on at length and the lies carry more and more weight. Eventually the developers will "lock" the thread to stop people from adding posts because of all the absolute BS. To me this is similar to what happens with political stories.

                  • 1 vote
                  Reply#19 - Thu May 31, 2012 11:16 AM EDT
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